Preservation and computer-aided microscopic analysis of planktonic Protozoa and algae

Samples of microplankton and larger nanoplankton (5 to 200 m) are preserved with a combination of Lugol's solution and DaFano's fixative. Organisms are then settled on a gelatin-coated slide, dried and embedded in 40 percent glycerin. Counting and sizing is performed under a microscope using a drawing tube, which facilitates measuring the organisms with a microcomputer-interfaced caliper. An interactive computer program, written in BASIC, allows for estimating the volumes of cells in up to 40 shape/species categories. The program then saves data on a disk, retrieves them, and calculates the results either for individual species (abundance, biomass, and mean cell volume) or as a pooled size spectrum of all organisms measured.     

三江源国家公园草地地上生物量时空动态及其气候影响

三江源区位于青藏高原腹地,作为长江、黄河、澜沧江三大河流的发源地,是我国重要的生态安全屏障。基于三江源区域草地AGB的野外调查数据,本研究采用多种机器学习算法集成分析的方式构建模型,实现了高精度的三江源国家公园草地AGB时空估算。基于AGB时空模拟结果,分析了近19年(2000—2018年)三江源国家公园区域草地AGB的时空动态变化。研究结果显示：(1)通过多种机器学习结合贝叶斯平均模型,草地AGB模拟值与实测值的r为0.88,RMSE为71.60g/m²,表明多模型集成分析的方式对草地AGB估算获得了较好的模拟效果。(2)三江源国家公园区域草地AGB的空间分布具有明显的空间异质性,呈从东南向西北递减的趋势。(3)2000—2018年长江源国家公园、黄河源国家公园和澜沧江国家公园区域草地AGB多年平均值分别为82.96 g/m²、117.54g/m²和168.39 g/m²。(4)近19年间,在黄河和长江源园区受到温度上升的影响草地AGB呈现出非显著性上升趋势;澜沧江区域,由于2015和2016年的...     

北部湾茅尾海无瓣海桑红树林地上生物量反演——基于XGBoost机器学习算法

无瓣海桑是广西从自治区外引进的外来红树林树种,采用定量化算法精确估算无瓣海桑地上生物量对红树林生态修复以及海洋蓝碳监测提供经验和方法。论文以广西茅尾海自然保护区无瓣海桑红树林为研究对象,以野外实测无瓣海桑红树林地上生物量数据和Sentinel-1/2卫星提取的后向散射数据、波段数据、植被指数数据和纹理指数数据为数据源,通过分析各遥感因子与实测红树林地上生物量之间的重要性关系,采用极端梯度提升(XGBoost)机器学习算法对比了不同的变量组合对模型精度的影响,最后基于优选的变量组合反演了无瓣海桑红树林的地上生物量。结果表明：(1)研究区无瓣海桑红树林实测树高范围为1.55—13.58m,平均值为8.37m,胸径范围为0.7—41cm,平均值为15.62cm;(2)通过XGBoost算法优选的21个特征变量组合模型拟合效果较好,其模型在测试阶段R²=0.7237,RMSE=21.70Mg/hm²。XGBoost算法反演研究区无瓣海桑地上生物量介于19.14—138.46Mg/hm²之间,平均值为51.92Mg/hm^...     

中国植物群落生产力由东向西分布格局及其驱动因素

植物群落生产力是表征植物群落光合生产能力的重要参数,是维护生态系统稳定性与可持续发展的基础。研究沿中国东西样带(WETC)的水热梯度对植物群落展开野外调查,并基于调查数据计算植物群落地上生物量(AGB)及地上净初级生产力(ANPP),结合环境因子对我国植物群落生产力的东西分布格局及其驱动因素进行了探讨。中国东西样带(WETC)沿30°N设置,水热梯度明显,具有良好的植被、气候等环境因素的过渡特征。在该样带上,ANPP和AGB均具有明显的经度地带性和垂直地带性分布特征,并且其空间分布特征能够较好地被环境因子所解释;具体关系为：ANPP、AGB和年降水(MAP)、生长季温度(T_gs)、CO₂分压(Pco₂)呈显著正相关关系,与太阳辐射(SRAD)、风速(WS)、pH为显著负相关关系。由于青藏高原特殊环境的影响,在该样带上除了MAP和T_gs外,Pco₂也成为影响ANPP和AGB空间分布格局的重要因子,该结论为未来研究高海拔地区群落生产力的响应机制提供了新的启示。综上所述,中国东西样带...     

合成生物制造2022

本文对2022年《生物工程学报》发表的与合成生物制造相关的综述和研究论文进行了评述,重点讨论了DNA测序、DNA合成、DNA编辑、基因表达调控和数学细胞模型等底层技术,酶的设计、改造和应用技术,化学品生物催化、氨基酸及其衍生物、有机酸、天然化合物、抗生素与活性肽、功能多糖、功能蛋白质等重要产品的生物制造技术,一碳化合物和生物质原料利用技术以及合成微生物组技术,以帮助读者从一个侧面了解合成生物制造相关技术和产业的发展情况。     

Evaluation of different alkali treatments of bagasse pith for cultivation of Cellulomonas sp.

Biomass production of Cellulomonas was optimal with 1% (w/v) bagasse pith pre-treated with either 0.2 M NaOH for 1 h at 80°C or 0.4 M NaOH for 40 h at 28 to 30°C. Growth was similar to that obtained with a more severe treatment used as control and compared well with other reports for cellulolytic bacteria cultivated on pre-treated bagasse pith.     

海南岛热带山地雨林林分生物量估测方法比较分析

本文通过对海南岛热带山地雨林林分生物量估测方法的比较分析,表明材积转换法不适宜估算海南岛热带山地雨林林分生物量,其结果与皆伐法相比较一般偏高20％—40％;而用实测资料建立的生物量回归模型,对原始林林分有较好的估测结果,除树枝和树叶生物量外,树干、树皮及地上部分生物量的回归模型值,与皆伐法的结果比较,相对误差一般在±10％以内,为允许误差范围,而对热带山地雨林的更新林生物量的估测则效果较差,应建立相应的估测模型。平均木法有工作量小的优点,且误差也在16％以下,但要注意取样的树种多样性和取样强度,在实际中应当慎用。另外本文对测定热带山地雨林生物量(原始林)的所需面积大小问题作了研究,提出了生物量-面积曲线的概念,确定其最小调查面积为2500m~2以上。     

Real-time monitoring of biomass during Escherichia coli high-cell-density cultivations by in-line photon density wave spectroscopy

An efficient monitoring and control strategy is the basis for a reliable production process. Conventional optical density (OD) measurements involve superpositions of light absorption and scattering, and the results are only given in arbitrary units. In contrast, photon density wave (PDW) spectroscopy is a dilution-free method that allows independent quantification of both effects with defined units. For the first time, PDW spectroscopy was evaluated as a novel optical process analytical technology tool for real-time monitoring of biomass formation in Escherichia coli high-cell-density fed-batch cultivations. Inline PDW measurements were compared to a commercially available inline turbidity probe and with offline measurements of OD and cell dry weight (CDW). An accurate correlation of the reduced PDW scattering coefficient µ_s′ with CDW was observed in the range of 5–69 g L⁻¹ (R² = 0.98). The growth rates calculated based on µ_s′ were comparable to the rates determined with all reference methods. Furthermore, quantification of the reduced PDW scattering coefficient µ_s′ as a function of the absorption coefficient µ_a allowed direct detection of unintended process trends caused by overfeeding and subsequent acetate accumulation. Inline PDW spectroscopy can contribute to more robust bioprocess monitoring and consequently improved process performance.     

Population dynamics,productivity and biomass allocation ofZizania latifolia in an aquatic-terrestrial ecotone

The population and production ecology of aZizania latifolia stand at a sheltered shore of the Hitachi-Tone River were investigated. Shoot emergence was observed twice a year; the fist was a synchronized shoot emergence in April and the second was from August to October. Aboveground biomass was mostly occupied by leaves and peaked at 1500 g dry weight m⁻² in August. The belowground biomass also reached its peak, 750 g dry weight m⁻², in August. The secondary shoots were small in spite of their high density. Leaves were produced continuously throughout the season. The leaf life span was as short as 55.6 days for cohorts that emerged from May through to September. Total annual net production ofZ. latifolia could be more than 3400 g dry weight m⁻². Shoot clusters of several centimeters were observed in April. The following self-thinning caused a regular distribution of the remaining shoots in August. Most shoots produced in August to October were found near a shoot persisting since April. They showed more concentrated distribution than shoots in April. A large biomass allocation to leaves and the ability to produce many clump shoots during the late growing period may facilitate dominance ofZ. latifolia in relatively sheltered sites.     

Novel Miscanthus hybrids: Modelling productivity on marginal land in Europe using dynamics of canopy development determined by light interception

New biomass crop hybrids for bioeconomic expansion require yield projections to determine their potential for strategic land use planning in the face of global challenges. Our biomass growth simulation incorporates radiation interception and conversion efficiency. Models often use leaf area to predict interception which is demanding to determine accurately, so instead we use low-cost rapid light interception measurements using a simple laboratory-made line ceptometer and relate the dynamics of canopy closure to thermal time, and to measurements of biomass. We apply the model to project the European biomass potentials of new market-ready hybrids for 2020–2030. Field measurements are easier to collect, the calibration is seasonally dynamic and reduces influence of weather variation between field sites. The model obtained is conservative, being calibrated by crops of varying establishment and varying maturity on less productive (marginal) land. This results in conservative projections of miscanthus hybrids for 2020–2030 based on 10% land use conversion of the least (productive) grassland and arable for farm diversification, which show a European potential of 80.7–89.7 Mt year⁻¹ biomass, with potential for 1.2–1.3 EJ year⁻¹ energy and 36.3–40.3 Mt year⁻¹ carbon capture, with seeded Miscanthus sacchariflorus × sinensis displaying highest yield potential. Simulated biomass projections must be viewed in light of the field measurements on less productive land with high soil water deficits. We are attempting to model the results from an ambitious and novel project combining new hybrids across Europe with agronomy which has not been perfected on less productive sites. Nevertheless, at the time of energy sourcing issues, seed-propagated miscanthus hybrids for the upscaled provision of bioenergy offer an alternative source of renewable energy. If European countries provide incentives for growers to invest, seeded hybrids can improve product availability and biomass yields over the current commercial miscanthus variety.